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F % 3 




ON 


WATER POWER. 


Report of the Committee of the Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania, 

appointed May , 1829, to ascertain by experiment the value of Water 

as a Moving Power . 

The importance of accurate knowledge in relation to the effect of 
water as a moving power, and the defective state of information 
upon that subject, induced the Franklin Institute, in the spring of 
1829, to determine that a series of experiments should be made, 
under its direction, upon the force of water applied by wheels; the 
experiments to be in detail,, and upon a scale calculated to give con¬ 
fidence in the practical nature of their results. A call was to be 
made upon the members, and upon that portion of the public inter¬ 
ested in the proposed researches, for aid, to enable the Institute to 
effect the object in view. 

To obtain this aid, and execute the necessary experiments, a com¬ 
mittee was appointed, consisting of members of the Institute. The 
number originally selected, was twelve; to these two members have 
since been added, the committee being now composed of fourteen 
members. 

The appeal of the Institute to the liberality of its patrons, was 
readily answered, and the subscription lists of the committee soon 
contained an amount subscribed, sufficient to warrant them in pre¬ 
paring for the experimental part of their labours. 

There is perhaps no subject connected with the extensive branch 
of mechanics, for which theory has done so little, as for that which 
considers the effect of water upon wheels; the different theories* 
advanced are at variance with each other, and with practice, so that 
the candid theorist confesses that the circumstances, attending the 
action, are of so complicated a nature as to baffle his powers of in¬ 
vestigation. Experiment, then, can alone guide to results worthy 
of confidence. 

The experimental inquiries in relation to water-wheels which have, 

* Young’s Analysis, or Gregory’s Mechanics, vol. i. and 3d vol. American 
Philosophical Transactions. 


1 






2 Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

deservedly, attracted most attention, are those of Smeaton.* The 
means of a single individual could not be competent to prosecute 
such a subject upon the scale required to make the results entirely 
practical, and we find the ingenuity of Smeaton labouring against 
the difficulties incident to the contracted dimensions of the appara¬ 
tus which he was obliged to employ, and arranging with great skill 
and resource the best means to render serviceable the working mo¬ 
dels which were used in his experiments. 

The experiments of Bossut,t which rank next in extent to those 
of Smeaton, were comparatively few, and were principally made 
upon the undershot wheel. 

It would not be profitable to enumerate the isolated experiments 
made in different countries upon this subject, since the sum of the 
information which they convey is extremely small. Of late years 
this branch of inquiry has been but little prosecuted, and the com¬ 
mittee are not aware that any experiments, except a few in France ,% 
having in view a particular form of wheel, have been made, which 
tend to throw light upon the subject of their labours. 

Such was the progress made in this subject when the Institute un¬ 
dertook it, with a view to obtain such results as should afford to the 
millwright a sure and safe guide in his practice, and thus contribute 
essentially to the promotion of one of the most important of the Me¬ 
chanic Arts. 

After frequent consultations of the committee, a plan of experi¬ 
ment was determined upon: the preparations of apparatus for exe¬ 
cuting this, occupied the autumn and part of the winter of 1829, and 
in the spring of 1830, the experiments were commenced. These oc¬ 
cupied the committee until late in the following December, when 
the operations were finished for the season. 

The committee consider that so little remains to be done to com¬ 
plete the proposed series of experiments, that they would not be 
justified in delaying their report, and that the results obtained should 
at once be placed before those to whose liberality the community are 
indebted for the opportunity of information upon this interesting 
subject. 

It is hoped that means will not be withheld, by those who have 
not already contributed, to fill up the last subject upon the list of 
inquiries. 

One of the most important questions which arose for the discus¬ 
sion of the committee, was the measure of power expended, and .of 
effect produced, to be adopted in their investigations. They finally 
determined upon one which, while strictly correct in principle, was 
at the same time, from its simplicity and ease of application, well 
adapted to their purposes, viz. for the measure of the power applied, 

• Smeaton’s Experimental Inquiries, &c. (Taylor’s Collection, 1794.) 
1769°^ terminatl ° n G ^ rale de 1,effet des roues mues par le choc del’eau, &c. 

$ Poncelet, M£moire sur la roue Hydraulique verlicale a aubes courbes. 
Ann. de Chim. et Phys. (1825.) 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 3 

the weight of water expended multiplied by the height of the head, 
(kept invariable,) above the bottom of the wheel; and for that of the 
effect, the weight raised multiplied by the distance through which it 
was raised. In order that this measure of effect may be accurate, 
the friction and inertia of the machine must be considered. The 
friction was carefully ascertained by experiment and the proper al¬ 
lowance made tor it, as will appear in the course of this report. 
Any resistance from inertia was avoided by causing the wheel, and 
of course the weight raised by it, to move, before beginning an ex¬ 
periment, with a velocity which would remain constant during its 
progress. 

The committee were very favourably circumstanced in relation 
to the power to be applied in their experiments, having, by the vote 
of the city councils, at command, a head of water fully equal to that 
which it was deemed necessary to employ. The greatest head used 
in any experiment was twenty-three feet. 

The building to contain the apparatus, was erected upon a site, 
put at the disposal of the committee by Messrs. Rush and Muhlen- 
burgh, which was of sufficient extent to enable them to make, to the 
best advantage, the various arrangements required by the under¬ 
taking. 

In order that the experiments may be more easily understood, the 
committee preface the detailed account of them, by a general de¬ 
scription of the apparatus used, and of the methods of experimenting. 
This description is accompanied by three plates, of which plates I. 
and II. represent side views, and Plate III. gives an end view of the 
apparatus employed. The drawings refer to the arrangements made 
for experiment with the largest wheel used, that of twenty feet in 
diameter; alterations were made, from time to time, to adapt the 
apparatus to the use of the smaller wheels. The principal parts are 
designated by the capital letters, the subordinate parts by the small 
letters. * When any of the less important parts are shown much in 
detail in one of the plates, they are not always exhibited on the 
others. A scale to which the drawings were made is attached to 
the first plate. 

The principal parts of the apparatus were, the forebay, or reser¬ 
voir, for containing the water to turn the wheel, the frame support¬ 
ing the wheel, the reservoir in which was collected and measured 
the water used, the wheel, and the means by which the weight raised 
and the space through which it was raised were measured. 

These will be described in the order in which they have just been 
mentioned. 

The Forebay . 

The forebay, A, B, C, D, E, F, (Plates I. and II.) was constructed of 
timber frame work, consisting of upright posts secured at the bottom 

* There are two kinds of small letters used, the Italic and the Roman, the 
small Italic letters are used until the whole number is exhausted, when recourse 
is had to the small Roman letters. 


4 Report of the Committee on TVaier Power . 

and top by being tenanted into cross-sills and caps: the cross-sills 
were raised about seven feet from the ground, being supported by 
vertical posts, (as shown in the drawing,) resting on timbers placed 
upon the ground. The frame, above described, was lined with 
planks, and was secured from yielding to the pressure of the watei 
at points between the cross-sills and caps, by strong iron bolts which 

E assed through each pair of posts, on the opposite sides of the tore- 
ay, and were placed at intervals increasing as the distance from 
the top of the forebay diminished. The planking on the back end 
of the forebay was supported at the middle of its breadth by an up¬ 
right post, B, C, secured by bolts to the adjacent cross-sill and 
cap, and, at proper intervals between them, to cross timbers, H, H , 
&c. (Plate I.) within the forebay, and supported by the planking of 
the sides. The floor of the forebay was laid upon the cross-sills 
into which the uprights of the frame work tenanted. The front end, 
A, F, (Plates I. and II.) projected beyond the centre of the wheel, and 
had, within, a breast, K, K', K", K'", (Plate I.) made to fit accurately 
the periphery of the wheel, except near the top, (from K to K',) 
where an interval was left between the breast and wheel, to facili¬ 
tate the discharge of air from the buckets. The breast was secured 
from springing, and made moveable at pleasure, to adapt it to the 
use of the smaller wheels, by accurately fitting the planks compos¬ 
ing it to circular cleats, (not shown in the figures,) spiked to the 
forebay on the concave side of the breast; to press the planks against 
these cleats, a second set was spiked to the forebay on the convex 
side of the breast, between which and the breast-planks wedges of 
the proper form were tightly driven. 

In the breast, apertures closed by gates were provided at different 
points, through which to let the water upon the wheel. The sluices, 
or chutes, connected with the apertures, were narrowest at the parts 
where the water issued, and delivered the water to the buckets nearly 
in the directions of tangents to the wheel at the several points of 
emission. The lowest, or undershot aperture, was not in the breast, 
but in a vertical partition, «, a', (Plate I.) extending from the floor 
of the forebay to the breast, the bottom of the aperture being on a 
level with the lowest point of the wheel; this aperture was closed by 
a gate sliding in vertical grooves, and the water flowing through it 
was delivered by a sluice, narrowing towards the point of emission, 
in a tangential direction to the lowest point of the wheel. The over¬ 
shot gate at K, discharged the water immediately over the centre of 
the wheel. The details of drawing and description in relation to 
the construction of the gates and apertures, to the methods of gaug¬ 
ing, &c. will be given when the committee treat of the action of the 
wheel under the several circumstances of experiment. 

Water was admitted to the forebay through two iron pipes, L, L', 
and M, M', (Plates I. and II.) of 6 inches in diameter, passing through 
the bottom of the forebay, and connected with the pipes from the 
city water works: the supply was regulated by two stop cocks, at 
b and b\ (Plate I.) acted upon by levers of the second order, having 
their fulcra at c, and c', which by the intervention of two vertical 


5 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

rods, d 9 d’y and e, e', were connected with the levers, d ', g , and e', 
g ’> the common fulcrum of the levers, d’y g 9 and e', g ', was at/, 
and their handles, g and g ' 9 near the end of the forebay, were con¬ 
veniently placed in relation to an assistant, on the upper floor, G, G', 
whose duty it was to regulate the supply of water. The upper ends 
of the water pipes were made to project 18 inches above the floor of 
the forebay, that the rush of water from them might not produce 
irregularity in the action of the undershot aperture. 

To show the level of the water within the forebay, a float, h , 
(Plate I.) moving freely in vertical guides, was placed at the back 
end: to this float a graduated tape line, h, h', h " 9 was attached, 
passing over a pulley, A', and kept tight by means of a weight, h”; 
an index, i, served to show upon the tape line the head of water 
sought. A valve, k , (Plate II.) in the bottom of the forebay, could 
be opened by depressing the end, k ", (Plates I. and II.) of the lever 
k'yk"y and served to allow the escape, when required, of the water, 
through the trunk, I, to the waste trough. 

The levers for opening and closing the various gates in the breast 
were attached to the top of the forebay, in such positions as best to 
answer the ends to be accomplished by them. As the drawing would 
bejnuch confused by an attempt to represent all these levers, but one 
system is shown, namely, that /, V, l ", K, (Plate I.) for opening 
the overshot gate; the lever, l, V 9 was oblique to the side of the 
forebay; by turning the handle, /, to the left, the fulcrum being at 
m, the end l', and, (by means of the connecting rod, l', l" 9 ) the 
end l”y of the lever, Z", K, were turned to the right, which, the 
fulcrum of K, being at m ' 9 opened the gate at K. 

Frame supporting the Wheel. 

N, O, P, Q, represents the frame supporting the water-wheel: 
this frame was formed on one side of the wheel, (Plates II. and III.) 
by a double row of uprights, and on it the head block, n", n '" 9 (Plate 
II .) was placed to sustain the plumber block, o', on which one end 
of the axis of the wheel rested; on the other side, (Plates I. and III.) 
a single row of uprights braced from the floor, and connected at top 
and bottom, formed the frame; this was surmounted by the head 
block, n 9 n' t upon which rested the plumber block, o , carrying the 
axis of the wheel. This frame was disconnected from the forebay. 

Reservoir for collecting and measuring the water used , Tail race , fyc. 

A reservoir, R, S, T, Q, (Plates I. II. and R, R, Q, Q, Plate III.) 
for collecting and measuring the water used in experiment, was made 
by planking the interior of part of the frame just described; the sides 
and ends of the reservoir were carried to the height of six feet, and 
the floor was laid upon the cross-sills into which the uprights of the 
frame were tenanted. 

This reservoir having been formed accurately into a rectangular 
prism, its capacity was calculated by measuring the length, breadth, 
and depth: to test the accuracy of the result, the reservoir was filled, 
up to a certain level, with water carefully weighed, the number 


6 Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

of pounds which the whole reservoir would contain calculated, and 
found to differ but 20 lbs. in 30,000, from the weight obtained by 
means of the capacity. 

To indicate the level of the water in this reservoir, with a view 
to determine the quantity used in any experiment, a hollow tin ves¬ 
sel, p, p', (Plate I.) was used as a float; a tube passed through the 
axis of the float, forming a stem, which was allowed to slide freely 
in a vertical direction upon an iron rod, or guide, attached to the 
bottom of the reservoir: the stem, < 7 , q ', of the float extended to a 
convenient height above the lower floor, N, O, and was graduated 
into divisions, each of which represented a quantity of water within 
the reservoir of 1000 lbs. in weight. A light bar of iron, r, r,' was 
attached to the upper timber of the wheel frame, having at its 
upper end, r, a loop embracing the stem of the float; to this loop was 
affixed a sliding plate of brass, r, r", the edge of which could readily 
be placed opposite to that mark, on the float rod, which might 
happen to be next above the loop; this mark then served as a point 
from which to estimate the quantity of water used in any experi¬ 
ment without, before commencing, actually emptying; the reservoir. 
The number of divisions on the stem of the float which had passed 
the top of the slide during an experiment, showed within certain 
limits of accuracy, the quantity of water which had entered the 
reservoir; but for greater nicety of determination, a gauge plate 
minutely divided was applied to the top of the slide, by the use of 
which the quantity of water in the reservoir could be obtained to 
within 5 lbs. 

The water after leaving the wheel was conducted through a slightly 
inclined tail-race, U, R, to the reservoir. To prevent agitation of 
the surface of the water, within the reservoir, which would have re¬ 
sulted from the fall of water introduced from the tail-way, a flume 
R, s, s', Q, (Plates I. II. and s, s , s', s', Plate III.) of a square section, 
was constructed, extending from the race nearly to the bottom of the 
reservoir, between which and the termination of the flume the water 
must necessarily pass; there was also a platform of light boards, near¬ 
ly as large as the floor of the reservoir, placed within, which rose and 
fell with the surface of the water: these precautions so far preserved 
the float from oscillation, that the operator could obtain without delay 
by inspecting the gauge rod, the weight of water collected in the re¬ 
servoir. 

To empty the reservoir, a waste valve, t, (Plates II. and III.) was 
placed at one end; this valve could be opened by the lever, t ', t”; 
(Plate II.) having its fulcrum at t"', acting upon the valve by the 
intervention of the rods, V t iv 9 7 V /, (Plate III.) and lever 7 iv , t v ; it was 
raised above the floor so that the reservoir might never be entirely 
emptied, and that thus a level would always be afforded from which 
to reckon the quantity of water which entered during any experiment. 

As only the water used in experiment was to be admitted to the re¬ 
servoir, a valve u , u', (Plates I. II. and III.) 15 inches in breadth, and 
in length equal to the breadth of the wheel, was placed in the floor of 
the tail-race; this valve when open, allowed the water from the wheel 


7 


Report of the Committee on Water Power, 

to fall into a trough u 9 u 9 v 9 v' 9 v " 9 v ,n 9 (Plate III.) which conducted 
it on the outside of the reservoir, f by the trunk w, w' 9 (Plates II. and 
III.) to the waste trough. Guide boards were placed in the tail-way 
on each side of the valve, that all the water might pass through it when 
open. The closing and opening of this valve were effected by the 
action upon the stem x , x ', (Plates I. and III.) of a series of levers, 
(Plates III. and II.) x f 9 x ", y 9 y’, y ", z , connected by vertical rods 
x", y , and y ' 9 y ", and terminating in the stem z , z' 9 on the side of the 
forebay shown in Plate I.; by means of a handle, z ", attached to this 
stem the operator on the first floor, N, O, O', was enabled to work the 
valve. When the valve was closed, the water flowed over it to the 
lower end of the tail-race, whence it passed, in the manner already 
described, to the reservoir. A bell, a, (Plate I.) attached by a 
spring to the stem z , z’ 9 ringing when the stem was moved, served 
to give notice of the closing or opening of the tail-way valve, that is 
of the beginning or end of an experiment. As in closing the valve, 
in commencing an experiment, the small quantity of water between 
it and the wheel, not used in the experiment, entered the reservoir, 
so on opening it, at the conclusion, an equivalent quantity of the 
water which had been used ran to waste. 

The water carried up by the wheel when in motion, was returned 
to the tail-race by the guard, b, b', u\ (Plates I. II. and III.) placed 
for this purpose, and conducted to the reservoir, or allowed to run to 
waste according to the position of the valve. 

Water-Wheel, 

V, W, U, X, (Plate I.) represents the water-wheel used during the 
first series of experiments; this wheel was 20 feet in diameter, and 
20 inches in breadth, being 16 inches, in the clear, between the 
rims, or cants. The rims were attached to the arms in the usual 
manner. The axis of 12 inches in diameter, into which the arms 
entered, was surrounded, for a certain portion of its length, as shown 
in Plate III., by a barreling of 24 inches in diameter, the gudgeons, 
3<1 inches in diameter, turning upon brass bearings, fitted into cast 
iron plumber blocks;"the whole rested on the head blocks n 9 n\ 
n" 9 n ,n 9 (Plates I. and II.) capable of sliding upon the upper beam 
of the frame supporting the wheel, by which arrangement the wheel 
might be removed from the breast when alterations were required. 

On the inside of the head block, at n 9 Plate I., an iron pin was 
fined, connecting two straps, also of iron, in the manner of a joint 
hinge; these straps embracing the barreling of the shaft had their ends, 
d and d', connected by a wooden lever, d', d", turning upon a ful¬ 
crum, d'", equi-distant from the ends which the lever connected; the 
pin forming the fulcrum passed through a post attached to one end 
of the head block: by depressing the end d", of the lever, d', d",’the 
straps were caused to press against the barrel with such force as to 
regulate, at the pleasure of the experimenter, the retrograde move¬ 
ment of the wheel produced by the descent of the weight which had 
been raised in any experiment; by elevating the same end of the 


8 


Report of the Committee on Water Power . 

lever, the straps were removed from contact with the barrel, which 
was thus permitted to revolve freely. 

The buckets of the wheel having been varied in the different ex¬ 
periments will be described in detail in an after part of this report. 

Apparatus relating to the Measure of Effect . 

Y, Y', Y", and Z,Z',Z", (Plates I. and III.) represent two masts, 
or heavy posts, one of which was stepped upon the ends of two ad¬ 
jacent cross-sills of the forebay, at Y, the other, at Z, upon a strong 
piece of timber, bolted to the side of the frame, supporting the 
wheel. From the cap, Y", Z", (Plate III.) connecting these posts, 
were suspended two iron pedestals, e, e', and f, f', in which, in brass 
bearings, turned the gudgeons of a roller, or drum, e', f'; the gud¬ 
geons were 1 inch and £ths in diameter. The drum, 16£ inches in 
diameter, was covered with hoop iron, to prevent its abrasion by the 
chain which passed over it. The chain was attached at one end to 
the barreling of the shaft of the water wheel, and passing over the 
drum above, the other end, g, was fastened to a basket, g, g', of 
iron in which were placed the various weights used in the experiments. 
To prevent inequality in the weight raised during any part of an 
experiment, from the winding of the chain upon the barrel, a similar 
chain, the lower part of which always rested on the ground, was 
fastened to the bottom of the basket. 

The chain was kept from riding and chafing, as it wound upon 
the barrel, by depressing slightly the end f', of the roller, thus giv¬ 
ing the chain a tendency to move, in winding, towards the depress¬ 
ed end. The chain was brought back to its original position, at the 
higher end of the drum, during the descent of the basket, by inclin¬ 
ing that part between the drum and barrel in an angle, to the 
axis of the drum, measured towards the elevated end, less than a 
right angle: to give this inclination a pulley, k, (Plates III. and I.) 
was fixed in an ironjframe, k', k", capable of sliding in horizontal 
guide grooves; by drawing the frame towards 1, the pulley was made 
to press against the chain effecting the object proposed. The iron 
frame, k', k", was drawn towards 1, by a rope, one end of which 
was attached to the frame at k", while the other passed over a fixed 
pulley, 1, and was attached to an axle turned by the arms m, m', 
and m, m". The frame was carried back to the end, n, when the 
power ceased to be applied at the arms, m, m', m, m", by a weight 
n', acting by the rope, n', n, k', passing over the pulley n, and at¬ 
tached to the frame at k'. 

The measure of effect adopted was, as has been stated, the weight 
raised, and the height through which it was raised; to determine this 
height a mark was fixed to the chain at a point convenient for be¬ 
ginning the experiments, and a second to serve as a point of termi¬ 
nation. To enable the operator to judge accurately of the arrival of 
these points on a level with his eye, an indicator, p, p', p", (Plate 
I,) being a miniature crane, was attached to the side of the forebay 
frame, the horizontal arm being placed at the proper height above 
the lower floor O, O'; the habitual position of the indicator was, as 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 9 

shown in Plate I, with the horizontal bar resting against the fore¬ 
bay frame. Just before the arrival of the lower mark upon the chain, 
at the level of the indicator, it was turned at right angles to the 
side of the forebay; when the mark reached the indicator, the stem, 
z, z', of the lever for manoeuvring the gate in the tail race, was 
raised into the position represented in the figures, ringing the bell 
a; the ringing of this bell, and the closing of the tail-way valve, be¬ 
ing simultaneous, the precise instant was thus marked at which the 
water began to be admitted to the reservoir. On the arrival of the 
second mark at the indicator, the stem, z, z', was drawn down, by 
means of the handle z", again ringing the bell, and marking the time 
of the conclusion of the experiment, namely, that at which the wa¬ 
ter was allowed to run to waste by opening the valve in the tail- 
race: the stem, z, z', was kept in its new position, by inserting the 
baton q, beneath the lower edge of the rest, q', q". 

A very accurate time-piece, with the dial graduated to half se¬ 
conds, completed the apparatus. 

Method of Conducting the Experiments. 

A general statement of the methods of experimenting will now 
be given. 

One person was stationed upon the upper platform, specially 
charged with regulating the head of water in the forebay: this he 
did by means of the levers d\ g, and e',g', (Plate 1,) controlling the 
stop cocks, b, and b\ in the supply pipes, or when the level was 
too high, by letting off as much water as was required to reduce it, 
through the waste valve k , Plate II; the head was ascertained by the 
float A, (Plate I,) tape line, A, A', h ", and index, i, already de¬ 
scribed. The same person being always employed in this duty was, 
by practice, enabled to preserve a required head, subject to a va¬ 
riation of not more than a quarter of an inch, during any one experi¬ 
ment. The same operator opened and closed the gates for letting the 
water upon the wheel, and regulated the position of the chain during 
the descent of the basket so as to bring it back to the elevated end 
of the roller, by turning the arms, m, m' and m, m", connected by 
the rope P, 1, k", with the slide, k', k", carrying the pulley, k, 
(Plate III.) 

A second assistant was placed upon the lower platform, N, O, O', 
(Plate I,) who had in charge the regulation of the break or friction 
strap, and the closing or opening of the tail-race valve, w, u\ for 
collecting, or suffering to run to waste, the water used by the wheel; 
he also placed the proper weights in the basket, allowed the escape 
of the water from the reservoir when necessary, &c. 

A third person attended to note the circumstances of each experi¬ 
ment, to oE>serve the time occupied, the quantity of water in the 
reservoir as shown by the gauge rod, and to make the necessary 
calculations. 

When an experiment was to be made, the moveable plate r, r", 
(Plate I,) of the reservoir gauge was set to the mark on the gauge 
rod next above the loop. One of the gates for letting the water 

2 


10 Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

upon the wheel, was then opened, and the wheel suffered to revolve, 
with a full supply of water, until the basket was raised sixteen eet; 
by this time all the moving matter had acquired an equable motion, 
and the first mark upon the chain coincided with the indicator, p, 
p': at this instant the second operator closed the tail-race valve, in 
doing which he rang the bell, a, the signal for the third operator to 
note the time. The first operator now carefully kept the water in 
the forebay, at a constant level. The water used by the wheel 
passed into the reservoir, R, S, T, Q, until the second mark on the 
chain, coincided with the indicator, when the second operator opened 
the tail-way valve, at the same time causing the bell, a, to ring, thus 
giving notice to the third operator to mark the time, and to the first 
to close the aperture admitting water to the wheel, and to stop the 
influx of water into the forebay. The chain was then drawn back, 
by the pulley and slide described, as the weight descended retarded 
by the friction strap. By the time the weight had arrived at the 
lower platform, the surface of the water within the reservoir was at 
rest, the amount there collected was ascertained, and a memoran¬ 
dum of it placed upon the minutes. 

Having given a general description of the apparatus used in the 
experiments, the Committee proceed to state the methods employed 
in estimating the resistance arising from friction. 

Experimenters have differed in the results of their investigations of 
the laws of friction. It results from the experiments of Coulomb, 
that the friction at the axle of a wheel, or of a roller, varies in the di¬ 
rect ratio of the pressure upon the axle, except in extreme cases. 
The late experiments of Mr. Rennie* indicate that when unguents 
are used, the ratio of friction to pressure is not the same for different 
pressures, the variation depending upon the nature of the unguent 
and the amount of pressure applied. 

The Committee deemed it necessary, therefore, to determine with 
the apparatus to be used in their experiments, and under the proba¬ 
ble loads to which it would be subjected, the relation between the 
friction and weight. It will be seen that this labour was much abridg¬ 
ed by the fact that the experiments showed the ratio of friction to 
pressure to be constant, within the limits required by the investiga¬ 
tions. 


The experiments of Rennie have satisfactorily established that the 
friction of an axle remains the same, in proportion to the weight, 
under different velocities. 

The frictions to be estimated by the committee, were those at the 
axis of the water wheel, and at the axis of the roller, or drum, above 
the wheel. 


To ascertain the amount of friction at the axis of the wheel, a 
cord was wound about the barreling of the shaft; to this cord was 
attached a weight varied until it just maintained a velocity of six 
feet per second in the periphery of the wheel: the weight, thus found, 
gave the friction upon the gudgeons, when pressed by the weight of 


* Transactions of Itoyal Society of London, Part 1.1829, pp. 163 and 164: or 
Journal of Franklin Institute, Vol. V. No. 2. 



Report of the Committee on Water Power, 11 

the wheel together with the weight representing the friction. The 
pressure upon the gudgeons being increased, by attaching masses of 
eau to the wheel at equal distances from, and on opposite sides of, 
he axis, the friction was found in the cases tried, viz. those within 
the probable limits of the weights to be borne in the experiments, to 
he proportional to the weight sustained by the gudgeons of the wheel, 
lhe proportion of friction to weight was found to be one and a half 
per cent. 

The friction at the axis of the drum was ascertained by passing a 
cord over it; to the ends of this cord weights were attached, and the 
additional weight necessary to cause either extremity to descend 
with a uniform velocity, gave the amount of friction. By varying 
the weights at each end of the cord, it was found that in this case, 
as m that of the wheel, the friction was proportional to the weight 
borne by the gudgeons, and that the proportion of friction to the 
weight was one and a half per cent. This latter circumstance tends, 
as well as the former, to simplify the calculations relating to friction. 
The weights having been raised by the wheel through the intervention 
of a chain passing over a drum above, it is evident that the axis of the 
wheel was drawn upwards with a force due to the tension of the 
chain between the axis and the drum, that is, to the weights attached 
to the chain, thus diminishing the pressure upon the axis of the 
wheel, and lessening, in consequence, the amount of friction; but 
this tension increased the pressure upon the axis of the drum, and 
since the friction at that axis, by a given weight, was the same as 
that at the axis of the wheel, these two opposite effects balanced each 
other, and there remained the friction due to the weight applied to 
the chain. 

As reference is necessarily made, in the calculations which follow, 
to the centres of gravity of the loaded parts of the wheel, it may not 
be amiss to state the manner in which these points were determined. 
The general remarks apply to the several wheels used, but the de¬ 
tails refer to the largest wheel. 

The water was supposed to be distributed uniformly over the 
loaded part of the wheel, a supposition very nearly accurate when 
the buckets are numerous and the wheel works within a close breast. 
A section of the wheel perpendicular to the axis, and midway be¬ 
tween the rims, being taken, the weight of the water was supposed 
to be concentrated in that part of the periphery of a circle, a mean 
between the circles containing the interior and exterior edges of the 
buckets, which corresponded to the loaded part of the wheel. In Fig. 
I, Plate V, a, 6, g, represents the semi-circumference of this circle, 
a mean between the semi-circumferences A, D, F, I, and K, L, M, 
of Fig. I, Plate IV, the radius being 9 feet 9 inches in the case figured, 
viz. that of the large wheel. To find the arcs corresponding to the 
loaded portions of the wheel, this circle was described upon a large 
scale; the several points answering to those at which the water, admit¬ 
ted to the wheel through apertures Nos. 1, 2, &c. (Fig. I, Plate IV,) 
first struck the wheel, were laid down, as at a , h , c, </, e, and/, (Fig. 
I, Plate V,) the lowest point of the wheel, g , being taken as the 


12 Report of the Committee on IVctter Power* 

point at which the water was discharged, the arcs sought were acg 3 
beg , edg , deg , efg , and /Ag. The centre of gravity of each of these 
arcs, was then found by the usual method. The diagram shows the 
chords, ag , bg , eg , &c. from which the lengths of the arcs were ob¬ 
tained, the lines bisecting these chords, and upon which the centres 
of gravity of the arcs are to be found, ci 9 ck 9 cl, &c., and upon these 
lines the points corresponding to the centres ot gravity, viz. G, G', 
G", G'", G iv , G v . By drawing lines parallel to ag, from the points 
thus found, the distances from the axis of the wheel, obtained by cal¬ 
culation, are shown upon the scale traced in the figure. 

We shall now give the calculations of the amounts of resistance 
from friction, in the wheel and drum, under the various loads to 
which they were subjected in the course of the experiments. 

First. Constant inactive weight borne by the gudgeons of the wheel 
and drum during the experiments. 

Weight of the waterwheel, - 2200 lbs. 

The whole weight of the chain was 318 lbs.; of 
this an average weight of 34 lbs. (20 feet of the 
chain,) rested upon the ground during each 
experiment, and that part of the chain between 
the barrel of the shaft and the ground (20 lbs.) 
acted to resist the motion of the wheel: deduct¬ 
ing, therefore, 54 lbs. from the weight of the 
chain, we have for the constant inactive weight 
upon the gudgeons of the wheel and drum, de¬ 
rived from the chain, - 264 „ 

Weight of the drum, - - 200 ,, 

Total constant inactive weight, - 2664 lbs. 

The friction upon this, at one and a half per 
cent, is - - - 39.96 lbs. 

Second. Constant weight resisting the mo¬ 
tion of the wheel, which was borne by the gud¬ 
geons of the wheel and drum. 

That part of the chain which was between 
the barrel of the shaft of the wheel and the 
ground, - - - - 20 lbs. 

The iron basket used to contain the weight, 126 ,, 

Three bars of lead, weighing together 111 „ 

Total constant resisting weight, - - 257 lbs. 

Friction due to this weight at one and a half 
per cent, - 3.85 lbs. 

The total friction derived from the constant 
weight, is, therefore, - - 43.81 lbs. 

The amount of friction due to the constant weight having been 
thus found, we proceed to the numbers which varied with the weights 


13 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

added in the experiments, and with the points of admission of water 
to the wheel. 

Chute No. 1 . (Fig. I, Plate IV.) 

The centre of gravity of the water in the 
buckets of the wheel when supplied by this 
aperture, was 6.207 feet from the axis, and the 
barrel about which the chain was wound was 
1 foot from the same axis; hence to raise 257 
lbs. the constant resisting weight, and over¬ 
come a friction of 43.81 lbs. the constant 
friction just found, required a weight of water 
of - - - 48.46 lbs. 

The friction due to this weight, is - 0.73 lb. 

Constant friction derived above, - - 43.81 ,, 

Whole amount of friction overcome in rais¬ 
ing the constant weight of 257 lbs. - 44.54 lbs. 

To find the additional friction due to each of 
the bars of lead which were used as weights, 
we have, 

Weight of the bar, - - 103.00 lbs. 

To balance this weight and the friction due 
to it, (103 lbs. + 1.54 lb.) or 104.54 lbs. re¬ 
quired, at 6.207 ft. from the axis, a weight of 
water of - 16.84 „ 


Total, - - 119.84 lbs. 

Friction for each bar of lead, being that upon 
the weight iust found at one and a half per 
cent. - - - - 1.80 lbs. 


Chute No. 2 . (Fig. I, Plate IV.) 

In this case the centre of gravity of the wa¬ 
ter in the buckets, was 7.01 feet from the axis, 
to raise 257 lbs. and overcome the friction of 
43.81 lbs. required, - - - 42.91 lbs. 

Friction due to this, - - 0*64 lb. 

Constant friction as above, - - 43.81 „ 


Total friction due to constant weights, - 44.45 lbs. 

For each additional bar of lead,*— 

Weight of the lead, - 103.00 lbs. 

To balance this weight and the friction due 
to it, - 14-91 „ 

117.91 lbs. 


Total, 

Friction for each bar of lead, 


1.77 lbs. 






14 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

Chute No. 3. (Fig. I, Plate IV.) 

The centre of gravity of the load was in this 
case 6.58 feet from the axis: to raise 257 lbs. 
and overcome a friction of 43.81 lbs. re¬ 
quired, - - 44.72 lbs. 

Friction due to this, 

Add as before, • 

Total friction due to constant weight, 

For each bar of lead which was added,— 

Weight of the lead, - - 103.00 lbs. 

To balance this weight and its friction, 15.88 „ 

Total, - - - 118.88 lbs. 

Friction due to each bar, 

Chute No. 4. (Fig. I, Plate IV.) 

The centre of gravity of the load was 5.89 
feet from the axis: to raise 257 lbs. and over¬ 
come the friction of 43.81 lbs. required - 51.07 lbs. 

Friction due to this, 

Add as before, 

Total friction due to constant weights, 

For each bar of lead added,— 

Weight of the lead, - - 103.00 lbs. 

To balance this weight and its friction, 17.74 ,, 


Total, - - - 120.74 lbs. 

Friction due to each bar, 

Chute No. 5. (Fig. I, Plate IV.) 

The centre of gravity of the load was 4.84 
feet from the axis: to raise 257 lbs. and 
overcome a friction of 43.81 lbs. required - 62.15 lbs. 
Friction due to this, 

Add as before, 

Total friction due to constant weights, 

For each bar of lead added,— 

Weight of the lead, - 103.00 lbs. 

To balance this weight, and its friction, re¬ 
quired, - - - 21.59 „ 

Total, - - - 124.59 lbs. 

Friction due to each bar, 

The water delivered through Chutes Nos. 5 and 6, acts 


0.68 lb. 
43.81 „ 

44.49 lbs. 

1.78 lbs. 


0.76 lb. 
43.81 „ 

44.57 lbs. 


1.81‘lbs. 

0.93 lb. 
43.81 lbs. 

44.74 lbs. 


1.87 lbs. 
principally 







15 


Report of the Committee on Water Power . 

by impulse, at nearly the extremity of the radius of the wheel; this 
remark applies to No. 5, more exactly, when the head of water above 
the aperture is considerable; for all heads above four feet, the centre 
of force was taken at nine feet from the axis. 

Not only is the arm of the lever, upon which the water from aper¬ 
tures Nos. 5 and 6 acts, greater, but the direction of the impulse 
does not coincide with that of gravity, hence the amount of pressure 
is not the same with the weight, or the ratio of friction to the weight 
must be diminished. The friction for Chute No. 6, and for Chute 
No. 5, when the head is more than four feet, may be taken at three- 
fourths per cent of the weight. The amount of friction being but 
small, nice calculations upon these points would have been entirely 
useless. 

Chute No. 5. —When the head is above four feet. 

To raise 257 lbs. and overcome a friction 
of 43.81 lbs. requires a weight of water, at 9 
feet from the axis, of - 33.42 lbs. 

Friction upon this at three-fourths percent, 0.25 lb. 

Add as before, - 43.81 ,, 

Total friction due to constant weights, - 44.06 lbs. 


For each additional bar of lead,— 

Weight of bar 103 lbs. friction at one and 
a half per cent, - - - 1.54 lbs. 

To balance this weight and its friction, re¬ 
quired - ■« - 11.62 lbs. 

Friction upon this at three-fourths per cent, - *09 ,, 

Friction due to each bar, - - 1.63 lbs. 


Chute No. 6. (Fig. I, Plate IV.) 

The friction was sensibly the same with that 
for Chute No. 5, when the head at that chute 
was above four feet. Hence, the friction due 

to the constant weights was, - - 44.06 lbs. 

And the friction for each bar of lead, - 1.63 lbs. 

Chute No. 7.—Undershot.—(Fig. T, Plate IV.) 

Here the water acting entirely by impulse, the centre of force may 
be assumed at 9.75 feet from the axis. 

To raise 257 lbs. and overcome a friction of 43.81 lbs. required, 
at 9.75 feet from the axis, a weight of - 30.85 lbs. 

Friction upon this at three-fourths per cent, 0.23 lb. 

Add as before, ... 43.81 lbs. 

Total friction due to constant weights, 

For each bar of lead added,— 


44.04 lbs. 






16 


Report of the Committee on Water Power . 

Weight of bar 103 lbs. Friction upon this 
at one and a half per cent, - - 1.54 lbs. 

To balance this weight and its friction, re¬ 
quired - 10.72 lbs. 

Friction upon this at three-fourths per cent, 0.08 „ 

Friction due to each bar, - - 1.62 lbs. 

The foregoing calculations were applicable until nine leads, (927 
lbs.) had been added to the constant weight in the basket; this weight 
suspended the end, o, (Plate III. Vol. vii.) of the shaft of the wheel. 
Any addition of weight to this, pressed the gudgeon against its cap 
with a force which was to the tension of the chain produced by the 
weight added, as the distance from the point at which the chain acted to 
the other gudgeon, (o', Plate III.) was to the whole length of the shaft. 
The whole length of the shaft was 9.25 feet, the point of suspension 
1.66 feet from the end o, of course 7.59 feet from o'. If one lead of 
103 lbs. be added to the nine supposed in the basket, the force draw¬ 
ing the shaft upwards will be 103 lbs. together with its friction 
1.54 lbs. or 104.54 lbs.; to find its effect upon the gudgeon, o , we 
have the proportion, 9.25 : 104.54 : : 7.59 : 85.78, the force, in 
pounds, with which the gudgeon, o, is pressed against its cap. Sub¬ 
tracting this weight from 104.54 lbs. the total weight from which 
both the gudgeons are relieved, there remains 18.76 lbs. the force 
tending to draw the gudgeon o' upwards, or the weight from which 
that gudgeon was relieved. 

To ascertain the friction when more than nine leads were added 
to the constant weight in the basket, we have, 

Friction due to the weight of each lead of 
103 lbs. - - - 1.54 lbs. 

Tension of chain between axis of wheel 
and drum pressing upon the gudgeons of the 
drum, .... 104.54 lbs. 

Force with which gudgeon o was 
pressed against its cap, - 85.78 lbs. 

From this deduct the weight from 
which the gudgeon o' was relieved, 18.76 ,? 

There remains the pressure upon the axis 
of the wheel, - - - 67.02 lbs. 


Total pressure upon the gudgeons of the 
wheel and drum, by the addition of each lead 
after the ninth, - - - 171.56 lbs. 

Friction upon this at one and a half per cent, - 2.57 lbs. 

Friction due to each lead after the ninth, 
exclusive of the water required to overcome 
this friction, 


4.11 lbs. 



17 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

When the water was admitted to the wheel through Chute No. 1. 

To overcome 103 lbs. and the friction of 4.11 
lbs. or 107.11 lbs., required, at 6.207 feet 
from the axis, - - 17.26 lbs. 

Friction due to this, - - 0.26 lbs. 

Friction just determined, - - 4.11 lbs. 

Total friction for each lead after the ninth, 4.37 lbs. 

The friction due to the weight of water necessary to balance each 
additional lead and its friction, was so small that its variations when 
the water was applied through the different chutes, could with pro¬ 
priety be neglected. The variation from the friction given by Chute 
No. 1, in an extreme case, that of Chute No. 5, at a friction of one 
and a half per cent, is but .07 of a pound. The friction for each 
lead after the ninth, was, therefore, taken at 4.37 lbs. at all the 
chutes. 

The necessary details in relation to the friction of the several 
smaller wheels, will precede the account of the experiments made 
with each of them. 

Before passing to a detail of the experiments, it may assist the 
reader to give a brief statement of the principal points to which the 
researches of the committee were directed. 

The first anuinost general subject for determination, was the mode 
of applying any given head of water, so as to produce the greatest 
ratio of effect to power expended. 

To ascertain this point, regard was to be had to, and variations made 
in, the head of water, the diameter of the wheel, the point of applica¬ 
tion of the water to the wheel, the size of aperture through which 
water was admitted to the wheel, the form of gate which was applied 
to the chute, the form, number and position of the buckets, and the 
velocity of the wheel. 

The second object was to determine for a given wheel, theTorm 
of bucket which would admit of the application of the greatest quan¬ 
tity of water, giving the maximum amount of effect, without dimi¬ 
nishing the ratio -ami effect to power expended. 

Wheels of four different diameters were used in the experiments* 
No. I, had a diameter of 20 feet, No. II, of 15 feet, No. Ill, of 10 feet, 
and No. IV, of 6 feet. A particular description of each wheel will 
precede the statement of the experiments made with it. 

The experiments were begun with wheel No. 1$ this wheel, as has 
• been stated in the general description, was 20 feet in diameter, 20 
inches in breadth, and 16 inches, in the clear, between the cants, 
which were 6 inches deep. 

The buckets first attached to this wheel were elbow buckets , these 
were 15£ inches deep, with a width of elbow of 3 inches, and an open¬ 
ing at the throat of 2f inches. In sector A, B, C, (Plate IV,) these 
buckets are represented, e, e 9 &cthe number around the whole cir¬ 
cumference was fifty. 

3 





# 

18 Report of the Committee on Water Power, 

In the bottom of each bucket an air vent was provided, fths of an 
inch wide and occupying the breadth of the wheel; each vent was 
placed in the upper part of the bucket, to which it belonged, as near 
as practicable to the elbow of the preceding bucket. The air vents 
were closed during the experiments when the contrary is not stated. 

The overshot chute, delivering water to the wheel on the pitch- 
back principle, is represented at d, No. 1, Fig. I, Plate IV. 

To this chute three different forms of gates were applied. The 
first, a, Fig. I, Plate IV, was formed of a block three inches thick, 
and was opened by a motion towards the right, given by the series 
of levers, /, /',/"> K, Plate I, (Vol.vii.) already described. The width 
of opening given by this gate was regulated by a series of notches upon 
a block, affixed to the top of the forebay, against which the end of 
the connecting rod, Z', Z", (Plate I,) was carried. These notches were 
regulated by trial. The same method of gauging the width of the 
opening was applied to the other apertures. When gate a was 
opened, the water flowed between its end and the top of the chute. 
Table A contains the results of the experiments made with this gate, 
under different heads. 

This series of experiments being completed, the gate b 9 Fig. II, 
Plate IV, was adapted to the same chute; this gate drew upwards, 
allowing the water to pass between the lower part of the gate and the 
floor of the chute. Experiments similar to those, with gate a , were 
then made; the results are given in table B. 

Gate c, Fig. Ill, Plate IV, was next adapted to tffe same chute; 
this gate, of a wedge form, being drawn to the right, allowed the 
water to pass between the tops of the gate and of the sluice. Table C 
contains the results obtained with this gate. 

The elbow buckets remaining in the wheel, experiments were made 
with different heads and different widths of aperture, the water being 
applied at Chutes Nos. 2, 3, 4,5, 6, and 7 successively. These points 
of application, taken together with Chute No. 1, embraced the cases 
of overshot, breast and undershot wheels. The heights of the several 
apertures above the lowest point of the wheel are, No. 2, 17 feet; 
No. 3, 13.66 feet; No. 4, 10.46 feet; No. 5, 7 feet; No. 6, 3.66 feet. 
No. 7 was the undershot aperture. The horizontal lines f g, h i, k 
Z, m ? 2 , and o p 9 show the points from which these several heights 
above the bottom of the wheel were reckoned. The chutes through 
which the water was delivered from these openings, were at the en¬ 
trance 16 inches by 2£ inches, and contracted in depth (the width 
remaining invariable) to 2 inches, at the end where the water escaped 
to the wheel. 

The three forms of gates (a, b and c) having been found nearly 
equally effective, either one could be applied as the convenience of 
opening and closing, in the position to be assumed by the gate might 
dictate. Fig. I, Plate IV, shows that Chutes Nos. 2, 3 and 7, were 
closed by gates similar to b, and chutes Nos. 4, 5 and 6, by gates 
similar to c. The experiments with each chute, under the various 
heads, will form the subject of one table. 

The required results having been obtained with the elbow buck- 


19 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

ets, they were removed from the wheel, and the buckets represented 
in sector F, C, G, (Fig. I, Plate IV,) substituted, the faces converg¬ 
ing to the centre ot the wheel. The different heads of water were 
then tried with each chute, and with different widths of aperture, as 
before. These experiments will be presented with the others in a 
tabular form. 

Air vents, similar to those already described, were provided in the 
bottoms of these buckets. 

The series of experiments, with the centre buckets having been 
completed, the buckets figured in sector D, C, E, (Fig. I, Plate IV,) 
and afterwards those in sector H, C, I, were substituted. If from 
any point in the periphery of the wheel, two tangents be drawn to a 
circle, described with the centre of the wheel as its centre, and a 
radius of 15£ inches, we shall obtain the lines determining the two 
different buckets for that pointy each bucket being equally inclined 
to, but on different sides of, the radius of the wheel drawn to the 
point, assumed, in the periphery. In sector D, C, E, the tangents to 
the upper side of the circle are drawn, determining the positions of 
the first set of inclined buckets . In sector H, C, I, the tangents to 
the lower side, giving the second set of inclined buckets. 

In presenting the results of the experiments, each table will con¬ 
tain a single subject, and will be designated by a letter serving as a 
reference. To accommodate the tables to the size of the page, they 
will be divided into parts, designated by numbers. The general 
tables, as may be seen by table A, Part I, consist of 18 vertical 
columns, and in addition, a space for observations; each column has, 
at the bottom of the table, its appropriate figure of reference. 

Column 1, contains the numbers by which any particular experi¬ 
ment may be referred to; the experiments are numbered from one 
upwards, through the whole extent of a table. The next three 
columns refer to the head of water used; column 2, containing the 
heights of water above the aperture; 3, the height above the top of the 
bucket, at which the water first strikes the wheel; and 4, the 
above the bottom of the same bucket. The heads above theT^er- 
tures were measured in apertures, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, by the heights 
above the lowest points of the tops of the gate-seats, in Nos. 4, 5 and 
6, by the heights above the lowest points of the several gates when 
closed, and in No. 7, by the height above the bottom of the forebay, 
which was on a level with the bottom of the wheel. The lines fg , 
hi, &c. already referred to, are drawn through the points just de¬ 
signated, corresponding to apertures, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The 
head, above the top of the bucket, was estimated for the overshot 
aperture, (No. 1,) by the height of the water above the highest point 
of the wheel; and that above the bottom of the bucket, by the height 
above the highest point of the soleing of the wheel. The heads, 
above the tops of the buckets, upon which the water first struck, 
were estimated for apertures, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, by the height of 
the water, above a point in each aperture, one-half of an inch distant 
from the periphery of the wheel; the horizontal lines drawn through 
these points are shown in Fig. I, Plate IV, by rs, tu , vw , xy , and 


20 Report of the Committee on Water Power. 

za' . By adding the vertical distance between the top and bottom of 
the bucket at any aperture, to the head, found as just described, the 
head, above the bottom of the bucket, was obtained. The heads thus 
found are contained in column 4. In a wheel considered at rest, 
the point corresponding to the bottom of the bucket, at which the 
water was delivered, would give the first point of action of the gravity 
of the water upon the wheel; but when the wheel is in motion, this 
point is generally lower down than the point which we have deter¬ 
mined, the distance depending upon the depth of the bucket, and 
upon the relative velocities of the water and wheel. All the dimen¬ 
sions referred to, are given in feet, and decimal parts of a foot. 

Column 5 contains the width of aperture; regulated by the distance 
to which the gate was drawn, determined in the manner already ex¬ 
plained. The openings were increased by determinate differences, 
until the supply of water was more than sufficient to fill the buckets. 
The widths of the openings are given in inches and decimals. 

The weight raised is given in column 6; this was varied with each 
head and aperture, until the maximum effect was reached and 
passed. 

The friction, the method of calculating which has been given, for 
the machine under the particular weight raised, is contained in 
column 7. 

Column 8, is the sum of the weights found in 6 and 7 for the dif¬ 
ferent cases; the numbers represent, therefore, the total resistance 
overcome by the power. The weights are all given in pounds and 
decimals of a pound. 

Column <9 contains the height through which the several weights 
were raised, combined with 8, it gives the effect produced. 

The time occupied in each experiment is recorded in column 10, 
in seconds. 

By dividing the distance through which the weight was raised, by 
the number of seconds required to raise it through that distance, the 
ralfber second, or velocity of the weight, was determined. The 
verity of the wheel will of course bear the same proportion to that 
of the weight, as the radius of the wheel to the sum of the radii of 
tl e barrel and chain. To avoid any uncertainty in relation to this 
latter quantity, the ratio was obtained experimentally, by ascertain¬ 
ing the number of revolutions, and parts of a revolution of the wheel, 
required to raise the weight through a measured distance. The velo¬ 
cities of the wheel are given in column 11. 

The weight of water expended in each experiment, determined by 
measurement of its bulk in the reservoir, is contained in column 12. 
It was a question, whether in these experiments which would occupy 
a period extending through a considerable range of temperature, it 
was necessary to apply a correction for the temperature of the water 
used, the water expended being measured, not weighed. Calcula¬ 
tion showed that no such correction was necessary.* 

• The temperature of the water used, was, during the winter, about at its 
point of maximum density, in the summer, not far from 75° Fahr. Calling the 
specific gravity of water at 39.38° Fahr. its point of maximum density, unity. 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 21 

Column 13 contains the head and fall, expressed in feet and deci¬ 
mals. 

By multiplying the numbers of column 12, by the corresponding 
heads and falls from 13, the powers expended were obtained; the 
numbers expressing them are in column 14. The decimal point is 
omitted in this and in the succeeding column, as being unnecessary 
to the determination of the ratio. 

Column 15 contains the numbers denoting the effect produced; 
these were obtained by multiplying the corresponding numbers in 
columns 8 and 9. 

The next column, 16, gives the ratio of effect to power expended, 
the power being taken as unity. 

The maximum effect under each head and width of aperture, is 
placed in column 17, that reference maybe more readily made to the 
several maxima. 

Column 18 contains the velocity of the wheel, which gave the maxi¬ 
mum in each case. 

The observations made during the progress of the experiments, 
are recorded in the remaining space. 

Two experiments were always made under the same circumstances, 
when the results of these agreed it was not deemed necessary to make 
a third, but when they were discordant, a third, and, when requir¬ 
ed, even a fourth experiment was made to ascertain the point in 
doubt. 

To give the two or three experiments made in each case, would 
be to add unnecessarily to the space which the tables must occupy: 
the numbers given are to be considered as so many mean results 
taken by those who, having been actually engaged in the course of 
experiment, could duly appreciate the circumstances rendering ex¬ 
pedient the rejection of any experimental result. The tables thus 
become more valuable, by being rendered less voluminous and better 
adapted to practical use. 

The tables will be followed by remarks upon them, and 

the experiments of Haellstroem give for its density at 75.2° Fahr. 0.9976^^^^P 
suppose two results are to be compared, one obtained at the minimum tempera¬ 
ture of the water, the other at the maximum, they will differ but .0024tnsof 
the greater weight. Thus in a weight of water expended, of 10,000 lbs. the 
greatest difference could be but 24 lbs., or less than one division upon the 
gauge-plate, a number which would disappear in the ratio. Take, for example, 
experiment 15, Table A, which gives the highest number, contained in Part 1st, 
for the weight of water expended; this number is 4810 lbs.: suppose this experi¬ 
ment to have been made when the water was at its maximum density, and let us 
ascertain what effect will be produced upon the ratio, if this experiment were 
supposed to have been made with the water at 75.2° Fahr. The weight of water 
expended, occupying the same bulk with 4810 lbs. at the maximum density of 
water, would have been at 75.2° Fahr. 4810 X .9976, 4798.456 lbs.; this multi¬ 
plied by the head and fall, 23 feet, gives for the powerexpended 110364.49 lbs.; 
the effect, (column 15,) is 91759.4, the numbers in the columns for power and 
effect in the table are multiplied by ten to avoid placing the decimal point. But 
1103645 : 917594 : : 1 : .831, the ratio sought. 

The ratio in the table, (column 16,) is .829, differing but .002 from the num¬ 
ber just found: the effect, therefore, of neglecting the change of temperature 
in this extreme case falls only upon the third decimal place, the figure in which 
place it alters slightly. 


22 Report of the Committee on Water Rower. 

sions drawn from them; when necessary, tables will be given pre¬ 
senting condensed views of particular results which are to be com¬ 
pared with each other. 

We proceed to give the tables relating to wheel No. I. 




■*s> 

<40 

u 
' v. 

g; 


£ 



Observations. 

Water carried above 

lower centre of wheel 
before it was discharged 
from buckets. 

Water discharged at bot¬ 
tom of wheel. 

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Table A.— Part II. 

Chute No. 1 .—Gate a. Pitch-back over-shot . Elbow buckets. Close breast. Water let on at upper centre of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Power . 


23 


Observations. 


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Table A.— Part III. 

Chute No.l._ Gate a. Pitch-back over-shot. Elbow buckets. Close breast. Water let on at upper centre of Wheel. 


24 


Report of the Committee on Water Power , 


Observations. 

Water too low 

the aperture. 

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5.28 

4.83 

4.44 

3.99 

3.76 

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Table F.—Part II. 

Chute No. 2 .—Centre buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate seventeen feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee, on Water Power 


33 


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Pounds. 

OK^H rj< - CO M* >— 1 CO ^ tjt H 00 H CO ^ 00 *0 M O to 

CO O CO to CO t£> CO 00 tO CO b- COtOcOi-'M* H rf 00 O to Cb 

co *8 to co tocoo tocoo^ to co 6 oi co cb co bl c-i to o 

* 0 * 0*010 * 0 * 0*0 *0 *0 to to iO*OtO*Ob~ tOKKOOOOO) 

b. 

•pSSIBl 

m*PM 

Pds. 

CM *0 00 H CO H ^ 00 H 1# K 00 H O CO OcotOCbS-t'O 

b-b-b^CO b-0000 b-00 00 00 lvCOOOCbCb OlOiOlCJlOO 

NOOOO 0 >Oh OlOHCM Cb O •—< CO M* CO M* *0 to 00 b 

—* —. 1— t —H i—< i—t i—t —* —H —4 r—i r— * 1—* 1—) 

to 

ami-iady 
J° I|JP!A\ 


0.50 

0.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

to 

Head of water 
above. 

Btm. 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

b» « b- b- b- 

*o *o «o *o *o 

CO CO CO CO CO 

H 1 

Top 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

2.41 

2.41 

2.41 

2.41 

2.41 

CO 

Bun. 

of 

gate. 

Feet. 

0.75 

0.75 

0.75 

0.75 

0.75 

CM 

IOt-1 CM co ^ to to b CO Cb O rH (MCO^f) tOKOOOOH | 

•j.jadrgjo *o.nj I cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm co co co co co co co co co co ^ 1 




































































Table G.—Part I. 

Chute No. 3.— Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 13.66 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Power 


34 


> 

u. 

g 

o 




•lUnUIIXTJUI 

IK iCjlOOlOA 

o 00 

° °° 

co °° 

00 

r-1 

•pajp 

uintnixBH 

.494 

.512 

rH 

•i Suiaq 

J3A\0d 

(MOO^^O'kOi'OriccK *> 5 ^ 

OitOMCOOiOOK'O'OK'O^ VkCOOOHHO 

o 

rH 

•papa 

lOC'JlCOi'NHOKMO'OCI .OO-^h-r-lOCOO 

COVICOCTOCOKCOCO^OIO C1(MOt»NCO»^ 

O O 'O O ‘O Ol O 'O H h. M ‘OOVlCl'JO'flH 

(MO)tN ( OOlCt'OH>OO^t'0> (N'OOi(M'OhV)0 

H0l^00(NKHOOV5 0iCl ^C0CNKH(CO*0 

rMCTtncT^'^>0*O^OVO'OK CO CO rC >o »n<o O 

in 

rH 

•J9A\OJ 

/ 

540500 

648600 

713000 

799250 

867100 

966000 

1081000 

1196000 

1297200 

1380000 

1477750 

1656000 

764750 

810750 

885500 

937250 

1017750 

1099400 

1182200 

1284550 

tH 

i 

•HBJ 

pUK pK3f[ 

Feet. 

23.00 

23.00 

CO 

rH 

•papuadxa 

J31KMJ0JAV 

Pds. 

OOOIOOOOOOOIOO *0*00*0*000*0 

lOtMOKKOOO’JOtNO C) CN j O K fN CO CO 

coODH^KtNKtN'OO^O) ro*OCOO^KHio 
tM C-UO CO CO ^ ^ *0 *0 <0 lO K CO CO CO rf i< *0 *0 

CN 

rH 

•puooas 

jad 

XlIOO]3A 

Feet. 

(N^OOOOMaJOOHCOCO COCM^tCOl^r^OOCM 
OCOHCON>OOl(N(NO<£)CO ^OCOHK'OOOcO 

co-5H9ico'K(d<5*dp*o^ 4coHH{^oio5c6 

rH rH rH rH T-* »H r-* 

rH 

tH 

•ounj. 

Scds. 

oco*o^*ow<ococo*oo*o KOCO*OOH^K 
cococo^^*o*o*o<o<o*ooo CM CO CO CO ^ •'i* ^3* 

O 

rH 

• paste j 
jqSpH 

Feet. 

41.5 

41.5 

cr> 

•p3SIKJ 
iq§i3A\ pire 
uotpuj 
jo iurig 

Pounds. 

511.05 

720.61 

825.39 

930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 

1244.51 

1351.88 
1459.25 
1566.62 
1673.99 
1781.36 

825.39 

930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 

1244.51 

1357.88 
1459.25 
1566.62 

00 

•uotpuj 

Pounds 

*OHO>K*OCOHCO*OlMOltO a> K ’O co ri CO »0 CM 
0<CCOi-'Oik»OCO(N'OOlCO COHCjlK*OCO(NCO 

o6r4co*6oodo^*ocof^c>t co*6*6ood^CTico 

Tt>O'O»0*O»OVO'OiOKK00 *o *o *o *o O CO CO N. 

1 ^ 
i 

•pasiK.1 

*q 3 PM 

W 

£ 

C0CMN*000h^KOC0<O0* CM *O'C0 H Tjt KO CO 
lOOKkKCOOOOOOiOiCTiOl KKKCOOOOOOiO* 
i'OKcoaiOr.cicoTf *oi£) NooaoHctcoM 1 

'H rH rH tH t-h tH rH rH rH rH «-H H 

CO 

; -ainpadv 
. jo inp?A\ 

C 

Hh 

0.50 

0.75 

*o 

n u i ^ 

Head of Water 
above. 

Btm. 

of 

Bkt. 

Feet. 

<o co 

*o vj 

d CM 

M *— 1 

1 

Top 

of 

Bkt. 

Feet. 

1 

11.27 

11.27 

• 

CO 

Btm. 

of 

gate. 

1- 

Feet. 

9.34 

9.34 

CM 

•j.jadxjr jo -oxf 

i-OCOtJ'IO'ONCOOOhO) CO'.fiO'ON.CCOlO 

i ^ 














































































Table G.—Part II. 

Chute No. 5 .—Elbow buckets. Close breast . Bottom of gate IS feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 35 


I 


w 

O 


cs 


o 

0 


•unmnxGiu 


cm 

GO 

jb ^j;ao[aA 


CO 

00 

rH 

•pojja 



.520 


uinimxBjy 


rH 

'l Siuoq 

■i3AVOd ‘oijBft 

'O OO *0 N K O <£) 

O) 00 00 K 10 Tj< 

rP 

<OH<OOOCOO<OV1COKNO 

W(oaoonoaooK<oco<o 

O 

rH 

•pqua 

694705 

739263 

783823 

828381 

872939 

917498 

962056 

212085 

255569 

299053 

342536 

386020 

429504 

472987 

516471 

561030 

605588 

650146 

739263 

828381 

rH 

•J9AVOJ 

1403000 

1512250 

1633000 

1729600 

1863000 

1983750 

2156250 

498000 

554025 

603825 

688150 

741312 

837262 

944125 

1042687 

1156437 

1265750 

1390250 

1597750 

1838450 

rH 

•IIBJ 

5 

0 

0 

<0 

CO 

pUB PB9H 

Ph 

CO 

CM 

0 

cm 

rH 

•papuadxa 

jyjt’MjoiAl 

Pds. 

0*0000*0*0 

O K O O In. 

rt VI h >0 rl <0 CO 
(O <£> K N CO OO 

0000*0*0010*00000 

OKH(MKci*0(MNOOO(0 

'3<<OOCM*0O*0O*0Hh.lHC0 

N(NWC'3CT^^>0>n(OCOKOO 

CN 

rH 

•pUOD8S 

.tad 

Xjpoia^v 

Feet. 

00 00(0 0^0*0 00 

co o oo cm co oo 

K *6 CO CO *6 <0 ^ 

wo»o»Nc»o^cioo^aai 

OCTNOCOOiWCO^OOCOKi* 

cocMOc^odtocdvoio^^coco 

H rH 'H 

rH 

tH 

•91UTJQ 

O 

m 

CO CO 1h CO CO CO O 

>0 »o V) <0 *0 K 00 

0 C) M C O K (O M K PI 0 C CO C) 
C0C0C0^i<*0(0(OK000)OH 

rH 1 —1 

0 

rH 

•pasiBj 

iqSi8H 

Feet. 

41.5 

1 

41.5 

• 

0 

•paster 

J(|gpA\ PUB 

uoipijj 

JO iuiig 

Pounds. 

1673.99 

1781.36 

1888.73 

1996.10 

2103.47 

2210.84 

2318.21 

511.05 

615.83 

720.61 

825.39 

930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 

1244.51 

1351.88 

1459.25 

1566.62 

1781.36 

1996.10 

1 

00 


m 

O (O CO O N ^ H 

O) CO K H ^ 00 W 

1 tC cm <0 »-5 *6 o> rp 

KC0 00 0>0>0)O 

<0C0H0)N<0C0HC0<0P)(OO 

OOJ'OCOHClK'OCOW'OCOH 

1 c6orHc6*6c6c6oTl«0>C0(MrH 

^^<o<o*o‘o*o'Oco'OKcoai 

1 

•uoipuj 

§ 

(2 

1 


•pastBi 

jqSiaAl 

m 

X} 

Ph 

(O Cl (M <0 00 H ^ 

O O O O O rH rH 
*0 CO 00 O O rH CM 
r - -rH rH rH CP) CM CP) 

COiOC^tM^COH-^KOCOOiV) 

tO(OCONKKOOOOCOO*0)OiO 

^<*0(OKOOO>OH(NCO^(OCTi 

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 

CO 

•ajnjjady 
jo qipjAY 

a 

HH 

*0 

O 

0.50 

>0 

Head of water 
above. 

Btm. 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

12.56 

10.31 


Top 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

11.27 

9.02 

CO 

Btm. 

of 

gate. 

Feet. 

9.34 

7.09 

■ 

CM 

•j.jadxa jo -om 

M C) CO<0(0 N 000*OHNC0^<0(0KC00iO 

CP) CM CP) CP) CM CP) CP) CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 'T 


































































Table G.—Part III. 

•Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 13.66 feet above bottom of wheel 


36 Report of the Committee on Water Power. 


to 

6 

w 

H 

S 

U 


Observations- 


•lUtUUIXBUI 

jb AjiooiaA 

i 

9.53 

9.09 

CO 

rH 

TJ3JJ3 

uniuuxui\[ 

.549 

.555 

K. 

r—1 

‘X suiaq 

J3A\od ‘oixbjx 

K(00)ClO’!tC'3C'3>0 i 0«ai N ‘O H ‘O H V) O O 

C) ^ ^ i 1 CO (M (M ^ O O) 00 N CNC0'*f-*i , *O*O*Oc0 
lOiOiOVUOlOlOtfjlO^iTj"^ W5‘0t0*0*0‘0V)V) 

VO 

rH 

•joaya 

'tK'iO00>O>OC')Cli-iO)00 N ^ O OC (O CT C<3 

ocot^eooo^otoctoocoai co n f .o oo t}< o n 

IAO)^0‘OHK(NCOC'3 0)^ CTi-'tfO^OT-.ls.GNlCO 

O'. 'O r-1 ‘O O ^ Cl CT 03 Dl K nOHV50-^0)CO 

(Nt---‘OO»C0)C')00NKH k h <o O l O Oi Cl CO 
^i'iOtOO'O'OKNCOCOa Tj< <0 'OUD 'O 1C N K 

*n 

T—4 

l 

O9M0J 

813400 

866312 

939975 

1032312 

1136062 

1239813 

1328000 

1438975 

1545875 

1670375 

1805250 

1914187 

902625 

964870 

1037500 

1110125 

1177562 

1250187 

1343562 

1452500 

rH 

■|RJ 

[)UB PB8H 

Feet. 

20.75 

20.75 

CO 

rH 

•papuadxa 

J3XBA\JOXA\ 

m 

ns 

P-l 

0*00*0*0*00000000 0000*0*0*00 

NNCTKNKOCTOiOOtM *0>0O*0MNNO 
OlH*OCl'^CTi^O)'^OKN CO*OOCOOO^O 

Cl Tf Tf ^ lO *0 C O N CO 00 » T}| r}!*0 *o >o <o CO N 

CN) 

rH 

•puooas 

rad 

/Ciroo|a x \ 

Feet. 

'OMcOCCMKcOHcoMKi 1 O *j"0 OO K O Oi O 

00 C* >0 *0 00 CO K. *0 00 CV *0_ <0 OD CO CM N O >C_ CO 

o' © o" oo" j>! n! to to' *o‘ *o* Tp c4 t-4 o' o’ o' o>* oo’ n! 

T-* r-( < H rH 

rH 

rH 

•aunj, 

W) 

ns 

o 

Tfl 

(OCOHOOncOON^CMcO HCt tOOOOcO*OH 

CO co ^ ^ *o *o *o *o to 00 CO CO CO CO CO ^ *o 

o 

▼H 

•pasier 

Feet. 

41.5 

41.5 

Cv 

•posiBJ 
Jll§l9Ai PUB 

uopauj 
jo unis 

Pounds. 

1034.95 

1139.73 
1244.51 
1351.88 
1459.25 

1566.62 
1673.99 
1781.36 

1888.73 
1996.10 
2103.47 
2210.84 

1139.73 
1244.51 
1351.88 
1459.25 

4566.62 

1673.99 

1781.36 

1888.73 

00 

•UO|PUJ 

Pounds 

*CC0H00*C(Na'Oc0ONi l CO co *o o Cc to CO 

0)K*OCOC}tOO>CONHTfOO N*nai(N(00>COK 

*ooooT}*cico^lc4td^*6oi o6o'*a*oicob2c4td 
*o*ototo<oh-b^ooooc>ocn *0<OtOCONNOOOO 

K 

•pasiBJ 

Pds. 

OOH^KO(OCOOiM*flMH «*J*KOCOCOaCt 

h.oococoooaiooooi -1 ccooooo>o>o>o>o 

OiOHCMCOTpUiOOOOiOH O rH C*t CO -rf *0 to 00 

rH rH rH rH rH t— 1 r-i rH 

to 

•ajnjjady 
jo qipiM 

G 

HH 

0.75 

1 

1.00 

*o 

Head of water 
above. 

Btm. 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. ( 

10.31 

• 

10.31 


Top 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. ( 

CN O 

§ § 

CO 

Btm. 

of 

gate. 

Feet. 

7.09 

7.09 

ot 

i.jadxg jo ojv 

*o V) »o 

r-* 



























































Table G.— Part IV. 

■Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 13.66 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 


irx 

c 

o 

c5 

> 

V* 

<D 


co 

o 

£ 

w 

H 

P 

ffi 

a 


•lununxeui 
)8 iCl!30l»A 

00 to 

to 

b- Kl 

00 

r — 1 

"loaya 

umuiixBjwt 

.555 

.606 

K 

rH 

*1 3ui9q 
.lOAVOd ‘oueji 

^Oi^coCOtOOCO^CNiO 
co*n^^'^cocNC^'T^ cotooooioioaooK'om 
*o >o >o >o <o to >o ‘o <o io in •o K) in to »n if) 'o in 

<£> 

r—‘ 


•109 U 3 

255569 

342536 

386020 

429504 

4729-87 

516471 

561030 

605588 

650146 

299053 

342536 

386020 

429504 

472987 

516471 

561030 

605588 

650146 

694705 

739263 

T—< 

U9M0J 

481687 

616812 

705562 

791650 

869750 

958500 

1069437 

1162625 

1246937 

559125 

612375 

661187 

723312 

789575 

852000 

949625 

1029500 

1136000 

1233625 

1331250 

Tjt 

rH 

PUB PB3JJ 

Feet. 

17.75 

\ 

f 

17.75 

co 

tH 

popuadxa 

•WJBMJOIM 

xii 

Ch 

*0*010000*0010 00*0*00000000 
KKKtOOO(M*flCt *0*0 0'ti'-»00»000*00 

K^0)^i0)^0lf)0 y— ItJ!^.OtJ< 00 C 000 ^CT >*0 
(MOCO'j'^iOtOiCK CO CO CO ^ IO *0 to to K 

CM 

rH 

•puooos 

jad 

f(jl3O|0A 

Feet. 

KOOOCOHHHCOO) tOtNHOtOtOOOloKH 
F-COCM»OCMb>-0>00*0 *OOCONtOtOCOOCOOK 

0)Ktd*o»o^cococo o'ocSodlvb^'OO *o" *o‘ ^ 

1-H »-H 

rH 

rH 

•9«I!X 

Scds. 

O CO CO O tf) CO O NO) KO)N>OHHN*OCOKCO 
^lOtOKKOOOOO COCO^i , *0*OtOtOKKCO 

rH rH 

O 

rH 

•pDSIBi 

iqSioH 

Feet. 

41.5 

41.5 

o 

•pasiBJ 
1H§19AV pUB 
UOIJOUJ 

jo lung 

| Pounds. 

615.83 

825.39 

930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 

1244.51 

1351.88 

1459.25 

1566.62 

720.61 

825.39 

930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 

1244.51 

1351.88 

1459.25 

1566.62 

1673.99 

1781.36 

00 

•uoipuj 

Pounds 

COOK*OCOfCOV)(M HO)is*OCOHCO*0(MO)tO 
OOCOHOiKHOCON'O tOCOHO)K*nOO(MtOO)CO 

O) co *to to oo 6 O) co co »o to oo d cr>' co cm 

Yjilf)if)*f)*f)tOtOtOK if)V)*f)*f)*Ot£)tOtOKNOO 

b> 

• paster 
mSPM 

Pds. 

(ON*OOOHtj<KOCO 0)N*OCOHTj(\.OcotOOi 

tOKKKOOOOOOOiO) tOKKKMMOOOOtOO) 
lONCOOOHNCO'# tONCOO)OriNCOtf»f)tO 

iyH yH H yH rH yH H rH y-H yH yH yh 

to 

•amt-tady 
jo M1P!M 

fl 

0.50 

0.75 

*o 

Head of water 
above. 

Btm. 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

7.31 

7.31 


n., ~ 

Eh °-£= 

Feet. 

6.02 

6.02 

CO 

Btm. 

of 

gate. 

Feet. 

4.09 

4.09 

CM 

. 1 HNCO^VHOKCOO) OH(NCi)'t*f)iOKCOOiO 

•J.jadxg JO ’ 0 ^[ | to <£MP <0 (O <0 <0 tO IO 

rH 




































No. 3 .—Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 13.66 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Power . 


38 


Observations. 


•uiniuixmu 
je XtiooiaA 

CO 

00* 

6.10 

18 

•pajja 

uimutxBj^ 

.605 

.636 

h- 

rH 

•X Suiaq 
J3A\od ‘on«H 

(M<OhCO»OOOCOODh(N 

NOOO)OOmcOMN>0 
*n >o <o vo >n <n <o *o 

OO rj< VO O o Ol 

O Ct CO CO tM ^ 

VO VO vO VO VO VO 

o 

rH 

•papa 

386020 

429504 

472987 

516471 

561030 

605588 

650147 

694705 

783822 

872939 

255569 

299053 

342536 

386020 

429504 

472987 

in 

rH 

•joavoj 

' 674500 

: 732187 

798750 

856437 

927437 

1011750 

1104937 

1180375 

1371187 

1579750 

420375 

479375 

538375 

612125 

685875 

763312 

14 

•iny 

pan peapi 

Feet. 

17.75 

: 

14.75 

CO 

rH 

•papuadxa 

43JBMJOJAV 

Pds. 

OVlOifl'OC'OO'OO 

OMOtN'MOCM^CMO 

OOt-(>OOOW»nPQVONO) 

O O O O O VO 
»n >o in >o *o N 

MO) VOri VO H 

CM co co "d* r}< VO 

CM 

r-H 

•puooas 

jad 

XipopA 

Feet. 

(OWHO^M(M>OOOK 

oocMcoocovooovo*ob~ 

odaaooKto’o^^ 

^ T—1 

OO O O vr) co CTi 
OCOHCOOO ^ 
tC vd vd vrj 

rH 

rH 

•ouuj, 

TO 

O 

m 

tOCOCTCOKCTKOHW 

CO CO »0 *0 VO b, CQ 

ON CO r-i b- 

^ vo vo In. oo oo 

o 

i-H 

•pasiBi 

jqSiaH 

Feet. 

41.5 

41.5 

o 

•pasiBJ 
iqSiaAV pun 

UOIJOUJ 

jo iun'g 

Pounds. 

930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 
1244.51 
1351.88 
1459.25 

1566.62 

1673.99 

1888.73 
2103.47 

615.83 

720.61 

825.39 

930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 

00 

•uoipuj 

Pounds 

K'OCOHOOVOWOlCOK 

HOKviOONtOOiK'vf 

»d<do6o'v£o^cdt'Ivdid 

‘O'OVCVOVOVOKKMOI 

CO < CT> b- vr> co 

00 VO CO H O) K 

Cr> -h CO *6 vd CO 

VO Vo »o >o ‘O 


•pastBJ 

iqgiaM 

Pds. 

'OCOHTj<KOCOVO(NCO 

KKOOMCOChCiCDOO 

COO>OH(NCOv)tinooo 

VO O) CM vrj 00 

vo vo b. go 

<OVONMOiO 

VO 

•ainpiadv 
jo mpiM 

G 

►-i 

1.00 

0.75 

VO 

Head of water 
above. 

Btm. 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

7.31 

4.31 


Top 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

6.02 

3.02 

CO 

Bof 

e. 

gat 

Feet. 

4.09 

1.09 

CM 

•j.Jadxg jo - 0 ^ 

r-< m ro <n vo k a o o h cn co *a <o 

oo co co co oo oo co oo oo o> o o> a cti oi 

rH 













































Table G.—Part VI. 

Chute No. 3. —Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gale 13.66 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Poiver. 


Observations. 


•uinuiiXEiu 

JB ApopA 

6.30 

VO 

vq 

vo* 

00 

rH 

•payo 

umraixBjc i 

h* 

VO 

00 

vo 

vq 

b- 

l-H 

•X 2upq 

J9A\od ‘oiibr 

rH 00 JN. rH <0 CO rH 

co co ^ ^ co co co 

<sO <o VO 

h}* fv. CO O rH rH 
>0 “O >0 M< tC 

VO VO VO VO VO vo 

rH 

•J'jaya 

<OO^KhO® 

CO CT O 00 K CO 00 
If) o >o Ol o >o 

CM O O) (N (O H in 
•^OOCTK^iOO 
CO CO ^ ^ Vo VO VO 

K h O 00 K »0 

CO K CO 00 ^ o 

N vo h V) O -vf 

KHtOO*0 0 
vo *0 VO VO VO 

in 

rH 

•jaAvoj 

CN O O O O O © 
VO VO VO O VO O VO 
ONK<OCTOK 
CN CO b- rH ‘O CO 

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(M V5 H (M tJi K 

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14.75 

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rH 

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41.5 

41.5 

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825.39 

930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 

1244.51 

1351.88 

1459.25 

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1244.51 

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vo 

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4.31 

4.31 


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C tc 

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3.02 

3.02 

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gate. 

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60’X 

1.09 

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Table H.—Part I. 

Chute No. S.*— Centre buckets. Close breast. Bottom of g ate 13.66 feet above bottom of wheel. 

TTTF’TTTTTrTT^ i ' i I • i • ; n ;- 1 - ■ -—---- v _ 


40 



Report of the Committee on Water Power. 


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41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 


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720.61 

825.39 

930.17 

1034.95 

720.61 

930.17 

1139.73 

1244.51 

1351.88 

1459.25 

1566.62 

1566.62 

1673.99 

615.83 

720.61 

825.39 

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12.56 

12.56 

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9.34 

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Table H.«—Part II. 

Chute No. 3.— Centre buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 1 3.66 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee, on Water Power 


41 


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930.17 

1034.95 

1139.73 

1244.51 

1351.88 

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1351.88 

1459.25 

1566.62 

1673.99 

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1139.73 

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10.31 

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9.02 

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6 

































































No. 3 .—Centre buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 13.66 feet above bottom of tehee A 


42 


Report of the Committee on Water Power 


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720.61 

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930.17 

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1139.73 

1244.51 

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1351.88 
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4.31 

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-14 


Report of the Committee on Water Power . 


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Table I. —Part II. 

Chute No. 4. —Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Power, 


45 


Observations. 


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Table I.—Part III. 

Chute No. 4. —Elbow buckets . Close breast. Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel. 


46 


Report of the Committee on Water Power . 


Observations. 


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/ 











































Table I. —Part IV. 

Chute No. 4. —Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Commit lee on Water Bower. 


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47 






































Table K.— Part I. 

Chute No. 4 .—Centre buckets. Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel. 


48 


Report of the Committee on Water Power , 



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Table K.—Part II. 

Chute No. 4.— Centre buckets . Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel . 


Iteport of the Committee on Water Power 


49 



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7 - 



































































Table K. —Part III. 

Chute No. 4. —Centre buckets. Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel . 


50 


Report of the Committee on Water Power 


O 


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IB Xj 10019A 

5.35 

8.50 

8.50 

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41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

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301.57 

406.38 

511.19 

616.00 

720.81 

825.62 

930.43 

720.81 

825.62 

930.43 

1035.24 

930.43 

1035.24 

1140.05 

1244.86 

1352.23 

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rH rH rH rH rH rH 

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r5 

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0.75 

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1.25 

vs 

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10.47 

10.47 

10.47 

i 

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10.47 


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9.22 

9.22 

9.22 

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o* as os o> 

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rH 


♦ 
















































Table K.—Part IV. 

f Chute No. 4.^-Centre buckets. Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Rower 


51 


£ 

o 

3 

> 


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1035.24 

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9.22 

6.22 

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1 






















































Table K. —Part V. 

Chute No. 4 .—Centre buckets. Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel. 


52 


Report of the Committee on Water Power 


a 

> 

o 

m 

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o 


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8.88 

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41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

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135.24 

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1352.23 

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1244.86 

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1566.97 

1674.34 

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1.50 

1.75 

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bkt. 

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7.47 

7.47 

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6.22 

6.22 

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▼H 





































































Table K. — Part VI. 

Chute No. 4 .—Centre buckets . Bottom of gate 10.46 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Rower. 


53 


o 


5.35 

■ 


6.30 

b. 

In. 

5.01 

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o 

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BO 

BO 

BO 

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f~< 

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CO 

CO 

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oooooo ooooo ooo 

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CO b~ CO rH BO 00 Tf K O) M Cl O) « «1 
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^ >0 CO O K X BO BO CO In. CO l'. CO CO 

416537 

487625 

574575 

478812 

552250 

646250 

14 

“IPU 

PUB PB3H 

Feet. 

12.00 

12.00 

12.00 

11.75 

11.75 

co 

rH 

•papuadxa 

JS1BMJ01;V\ 

“ 1 

B0B0OOB0O 0-0*0 0 BO 40*0*0 

OO tM BO CO CO CM BO b- b- BO CM b^b-b- 

CO ^ O CO O* CO T}* O* BO r-l O OCOCO 

CO -=J* >0 BO CO b- Tp Tf CO K CO CO K 

BO O O BO o o 

■*J* BO Ol b- o o 

BO 1-H 00- O K >0 

CO Tj* -3* t}< m* 1/0 

CN 

rH 

•puoaas 

jad 

XliaopA 

Feet. 

CO CM CM *0 In. O 00 O 0*0*0 CO O CO 

0* CO O'* CO b- GM O* r-l CO b- C* b- CO ^i* 

N CO *0 V) Tj* ^ bl bl CO BO -<3* CO CO *o 

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BO b. o ^OH 

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rH 

rH 

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o 

75 

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*0 <0 N 00 Oi *cj* Bo CO CO b- BO CO t. 

O CM CO CM CO ret* 
NXO) b^ b- CT* 

10 

•pasiBJ 

iqibaH 

Feet. 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

cx* 

-pas in j 
iqSiaM pus 
uopouj 
jo rung 

Pounds. 

616.00 

720.81 

825.62 

930.43 

1035.24 

1140.05 

720.81 

825.62 

930.43 

1035.24 

1140.05 

1035.24 

1140.05 

1244.86 

511.19 

616.00 

720.81 

616.00 

720.81 

825.62 

co 

•uoiioua 

Pds. 

O — (M CO ^ BO *—< CM CO M* *0 tJ<B0O 

O CO CO *3* GM O OO <0 Tj< CM o (MOCQ 

6 3 co *o k o r^coBoblc3 k o o 

BO Bo BO >D <0 *<0 bo BO BO Bo bo BO BO CO 

48.19 

50.00 

51.81 

50.00 

51.81 

53.62 

b- 

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yi . 

£ 

cGCTlCMBOCO—' CDC! *0 X rn W H ^ 

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r—< rH t-H rH 

CO CO ON CO ON CM 

CO CO CO CO CO b- 
BO CO B0 CO b. 

CO 

•amt-iady 

Jomp?M 

c 

— 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

1.00 

1.50 

B0 

Head of water 
above. 

Btm. 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

CM CM CM 

b; b. In. 

M}* -rj* 

4.47 

4.47 

'3' 

a-, • 

=2 o.* 
r* .o 

Feet. 

3.47 

3.47 

3.47 

3.22 

3.22 

CO 

Bun. 

of 

gate. 

Feet. 

1.54 

1.54 

1.54 

1.29 

1.29 

l ^ 

•t.radxa.jo ‘OM 

O CO *0 O K CO CTi O cv CO ^ j O N CC 

<3 <0 0> O O C3 C3 O O rH r-< rH rH rH rH rH H rH rH 

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH t-H H tH r-« H H rH rH rH rH rH 

rH 







































































Table L. —Part I. 

Chute No. 5^—E/bow bucket^. Close breast Bottom ofgate Tfid above bottom of wheel. 


% 


54 Report of the Committee on Water Power . 


x> 

O 


•uhuiuxbui 
jb Xjpopa 


CO 

00 


CO 

CO 


CM 

o 


if* 

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Ct 


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to 


00 


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CO 


cm 

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cm 

to 

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ift 

to 

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if to if b. CO 
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to 


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if CO 00 
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a> if co 

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if to 
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ct if 
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if If 
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to 00 on 
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•liJSdxjrjo -OM 























































Table L. —Part II. 

Chute No. 4. —Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 7 feet above bottom of wheel. 


Report of the Committee on Water Power , 


55 


Observations. 


•unmnxBiu 

je 

11.16 

8.50 

8.50 

7.98 

10.02 

7.24 

9.09 

18 

•joaya 

mmuiXBjy 

.386 

.363. 

.383 

.379 

.405 

.360 

« 

.409 

17 

X 8utaq 
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tOXK 

co co co 

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torp oo <o n. oco 

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OlOK OJOOX 

CO to *0 CO 0 O h- 
CO CO CO CO -tjt CO 

16 


255204 

298624 

342046 

_ 

255204 

298624 

298624 

342046 

342046 

385468 

298426 

385468 

168743 

212264 

255785 

212264 

255785 

299306 

342827 

15 

•JOAVOJ 

702000 

773500 

903500 

702000 

859800 

778800 

954000 

901200 

1029600 

736200 

1011000 

497750 

588500 

715000 

555500 

624250 

748000 

918500 

14 

pun peaH 

Feet. 

13.00 

12.00 

12.0 

12.00 

1 

12.00 

11.00 

11.00 

1 0 

IO 

•papuadxa 

jajeMjoiAV 

Pds. 

o o o 

O 'Cl ‘O 

m *o to 

5850 

7165 

6490 

7950 

7510 

8580 

6135 

8425 

*000 O ‘O 0 O 

O VJO >OSOIO 

co 'c 0 to 00 co 

sf iO to >0 *0 to OO 

rH 

•puooas 

aad 

/(jpoiaA 

Feet. 

1 OtOK 

1 <OHN 

rH 

8.50 

6.98 

8.50 

7.10 

7.98 

6.74 

10.02 

7.24 

O to CO 0 > CM O 

*OCJ h CTOtOH 

CO tsl irj O oi K to 
rH 

1 

rH 

rH 

•auiiJL 

Scds. 

HlflO 

CO CO 

too to *<0 O 00 C?> ^ 

tjt <0 ^*0 CO *0 

to CO 00 CO M tP 

^ HO to CO 'tft eo to 

10 

•pasier 

jqSiaH 

Feet. 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

41.5 

o> 

•pasiea 
iqgtaM pue 

UOIJOIJJ 

jo uing 

Pounds. 

614.95 

719.58 

824.21 

614.95 

719.58 

719.58 

824.21 

824.21 

928.84 

719.58 

928.84 

h 00 to 00 to cn cr> 

tO sft CO ^4* CO 0 s ) 0 

to tA to’ h to h to 

O rH 1—1 r~< rH (N OJ 

>0 to to k x 

00 

•uoijoua 

Pounds 

48.95 

50.58 

52.21 

48.95 

50.58 

50.58 

52.21 

52.21 

53.84 

50.58 
53.84 1 

r-t 00 to 00 to 

to ■'tr co ^ co N 0 

to co 0 oooci o 

10 to vj 


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mSi3 A \ 

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to Cl 

OtOK 

*0 to N 

566 

669 

669 

772; 

772 

875 

669 

875 

O CO to CO to CT> 
to to to to to to K 

CO ^ to Tj* V) to N 

to 

•a.muad v 
jo qipiM 

a 

o 

o 

c4 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

1.00 

1.50 

IO 

Head of water 
above. 

Bun. 

of 

bkt. 

Feet. 

99'8 

to to to to 

to to to to 

Is Js K ts 

6.66 

6.66 


Top 

of 

bkt. 

Feet.j 

7.58 

6.58 

6.58 

6.58 

6.58 

5.58 

5.58 

CO 

Btm. 

of 

gate. 

Feet 

6.00 

5.00 

5.00 

5.00 

5.00 

4.00 

4.00 

CN 

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a>Or-t c* co to k co o> o ^ coTftnto i 

— C 9 CN CNJ C<J CN(M C<f O) C* <N COCOCO CO CO CO CO 1 





















































Table L. —Part III. 

Chute No. 5. —Elbow buckets. Close breast. Bottom of gate 7 feet above bottom of wheel. 


56 


Report of the Committee on Water Power. 


o 


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7.98 

8.88 

9.31 

5.92 


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1.75 

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5.56 

5.66 

5.66 

4.66 

4.66 


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4.58 

4.58 

4.58 

3.58 

3.58 

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3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

2.00 

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